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CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

Instruction is fundamentally the propelling power of the general public. An examination is the appraisal wanted to quantify the expertise, information, physical wellness or bent and furthermore characterization in such a large number of subjects. An exam might be on paper, on the PC, orally, in exam focuses, which are led to test, compute or look at the arrangement of aptitudes. Likewise the primary motivation behind the examination is to choose the fit possibility for various positions. For the understudies fundamental issues are question paper spillage, who experience the ill effects of the deferred or cancelation of the examination. Every last year we hear news about delayed/crossed out exam because of paper spillages in the daily paper or on TV. Now and then the college itself doesn’t know how there is spillage of any data content identified with question papers. Consequently, some understudy gets great rank in least time and with less exertion and those understudies who truly merit the rank won’t score even after diligent work and most extreme endeavors. This viewpoint will make negative impact on understudies and dishearten the development of society.

1.2 Block Diagram

Fig1.1: Block Diagram

CHAPTER – II

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 List of Hardware Required

• Arduino
• Motor & Motor Driver
• Real Time Clock (RTC)
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Global System for Mobile (GSM)
• Power Supply

2.2 ARDUINO

The Arduino microcontroller is a simple to utilize yet intense single board PC that has increased significant footing in the interest and expert market. The Arduino is open-source, which implies equipment is sensibly evaluated and improvement programming is free. This guide is for understudies in ME 2011, or understudies anyplace who are facing the Arduino interestingly. For cutting edge Arduino clients, sneak the web; there are loads of assets. This is the thing that the Arduino board resembles.

The Arduino programming dialect is a rearranged adaptation of C/C++. In the event that you know C, programming the Arduino will be natural. On the off chance that you don’t know C, no compelling reason to stress as just a couple orders are expected to perform valuable capacities.

Fig2.1: Schematic of Arduino

The Arduino programming dialect is an improved variant of C/C++. On the off chance that you know C, programming the Arduino will be natural. On the off chance that you don’t know C, no compelling reason to stress as just a couple summons are expected to perform valuable capacities.

An imperative component of the Arduino is that you can make a control program on the host PC, download it to the Arduino and it will run naturally. Expel the USB link association with the PC, and the program will at present keep running from the top each time you push the reset catch. Evacuate the battery and put the Arduino board in a storage room for six moonths. When you reconnect the batteery, the last program you put away will run. This implies you interface the board to the host PC to create and investigate your program, yet once that is done, you no longer need the PC to run the program.

2.2.1 Arduino Hardware

The energy of the Arduino is not its capacity to crunch code, yet rather its capacity to connect with the outside world through its info yield (I/O) pins. The Arduino has 14 computerized I/O pins named 0 to 13 that can be utilized to turn engines and lights on and off and read the condition of switches.

Each advanced stick can sink or source around 40 mA of current. This is more than sufficient for interfacing to most gadgets, however means that interface circuits are expected to control gadgets other than straightforward LED’s. At the end of the day, you can’t run an engine specifically utilizing the current accessible from an Arduino stick, yet rather should have the stick drive an interface circuit that thus drives the engine. A later area of this archive demonstrates to interface to a little engine.

To communicate with the outside world, the program sets advanced pins to a high or low esteem utilizing C code directions, which relates to +5 V or 0 V at the stick. The stick is associated with outer interface hardware and after that to the gadget being turned on and off. The succession of occasions is appeared in figure.

To decide the condition of switches and different sensors, the Arduino can read the voltage esteem connected to its pins as a paired number. The interface hardware makes an interpretation of the sensor motion into a 0 or +5 V flag connected to the computerized I/O stick. Through a program charge, the Ardiomp investigates the condition of the stick. On the off chance that the stick is at 0 V, the program will read it as a 0 or LOW. On the off chance that it is at +5 V, the program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. On the off chance that more than +5 V is connected, you may victory your board, so be cautious.

Fig2.2: Diagram showing sequence of Events in Arduino

To decide the condition of switches and different sensors, the Arduino can read the voltage esteem connected to its pins as a twofold number. The interface hardware makes an interpretation of the sensor motion into a 0 or +5 V flag connected to the advanced I/O stick. Through a program charge, the Ardiomp cross examines the condition of the stick. On the off chance that the stick is at 0 V, the program will read it as a 0 or LOW. On the off chance that it is at +5 V, the program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. On the off chance that more than +5 V is connected, you may victory your board, so be cautious. The arrangement of occasions to peruse a stick is appeared in this figure.

Fig2.3: Diagram showing sequence of events to read pin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.2.2.1 Pin Configurations

Fig2.4: Pin Configuration of ATMEGA328P

Fig2.5: DIP Image of ATMEGA328P

2.2.2.2 Pin Descriptions

VCC:  Digital supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with inside draw up resistors (decided for each piece). The Port B yield underpins have symmetrical drive qualities with both high sink and source capacity. As information sources, Port B sticks that are remotely pulled low will source current if the draw up resistors are started. The Port B pins are tri-communicated when a reset condition winds up detectably powerful, paying little mind to the likelihood that the clock is not running. Dependent upon the clock decision breaker settings, PB6 can be used as commitment to the changing Oscillator enhancer and commitment to the inside clock working circuit. Dependent upon the clock assurance consolidate settings, PB7 can be used as yield from the turning around Oscillator intensifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1 commitment for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The distinctive exceptional components of Port B are clarified in “Exchange Functions of Port B” on page 76 and “Structure Clock and Clock Options” on page 26.

 

Port C (PC5:0): Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal draw up resistors (decided for each piece). The PC5..0 yield bolsters have symmetrical drive properties with both high sink and source capacity. As data sources, Port C sticks that are remotely pulled low will source current if the draw up resistors are incited. The Port C pins are tri-communicated when a reset condition winds up detectably rapid, paying little respect to the likelihood that the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is changed, PC6 is used as an I/O stick. Observe that the electrical properties of PC6 change from those of substitute pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this stick for longer than the base pulse length will deliver a Reset, paying little respect to the likelihood that the clock is not running. The base pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter heartbeats are not guaranteed to make a Reset. The diverse one of a kind segments of Port C are clarified in “Substitute Functions of Port C” on page 79.

Port D (PD7:0): Port D is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with inside draw up resistors (decided for each piece). The Port D yield pads have symmetrical drive qualities with both high sink and source capacity. As information sources, Port D sticks that are remotely pulled low will source current if the draw up resistors are authorized. The Port D pins are tri-communicated when a reset condition winds up clearly rapid, paying little mind to the likelihood that the clock is not running. The distinctive remarkable components of Port D are elucidated in “Trade Functions of Port D” on page 82.

AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage stick for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be remotely connected with VCC, paying little respect to the likelihood that the ADC is not used. In case the ADC is used, it should be related with VCC through a low-pass channel. Observe that PC6..4 use propelled supply voltage, VCC.

AREF: AREF is the straightforward reference stick for the A/D Converter

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only): In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 fill in as straightforward commitments to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the straightforward supply and fill in as 10-bit ADC channels.

Chart

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-control CMOS 8-bit microcontroller in perspective of the AVR enhanced RISC designing. By executing proficient bearings in a lone clock cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P fulfills throughputs moving toward 1 MIPS for every MHz allowing the structure designer to streamline control use instead of get ready speed.

The AVR focus joins a rich course set with 32 extensively valuable working registers. All the 32 registers are clearly connected with the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two free registers to be gotten to in one single bearing executed in one clock cycle. The consequent building is more code viable while finishing throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers

.Block Diagram

Fig2.6: Block Diagram of ATMEGA328P

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P gives the going with components: 4/8/16/32K bytes of InSystem Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capacities, 256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 all around helpful I/O lines, 32 comprehensively valuable working registers, three versatile Timer/Counters with take a gander at modes, inward and outside barges in on, a serial programmable USART, a byte-orchestrated 2-wire Serial Interface, a SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 coordinates in TQFP and QFN/MLF packs), a programmable Watchdog Timer with inside Oscillator, and five programming selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and barge in on system to continue working. The Power-down mode saves the enroll substance yet hardens the Oscillator, weakening all other chip limits until the accompanying upset or gear reset. In Power-save mode, the strange clock continues running, allowing the customer to keep up a clock base while the straggling leftovers of the device is resting. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules beside nonconcurrent clock and ADC, to constrain trading racket in the midst of ADC changes. In Standby mode, the jewel/resonator Oscillator is running while the straggling leftovers of the contraption is resting. This grants speedy start-up combined with low power usage.

The contraption is made using Atmel’s high thickness non-unusual memory advancement. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be rehashed In-System through a SPI serial interface, by a customary non-unsteady memory programming engineer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR focus. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory. Programming in the Boot Flash range will continue running while the Application Flash fragment is invigorated, giving honest to goodness Read-While-Write operation. By solidifying a 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a strong chip, the Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is an able microcontroller that gives a significantly versatile and clever response for some embedded control applications. The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P AVR is maintained with a full suite of program and system change gadgets including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, and Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation packs.

Examination between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differentiate just in memory sizes, boot loader bolster, and interfere with vector sizes. Table 2-1 shortens the unmistakable memory and meddle with vector sizes for the three contraptions.

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P reinforce a bona fide Read-While-Write Self-Programming segment. There is an alternate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM rule can simply execute starting there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write reinforce and the same Boot Loader Section. The SPM rule can execute from the entire Flash.

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P reinforce a honest to goodness Read-While-Write Self-Programming part. There is an alternate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM heading can simply execute starting there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write support and the same Boot Loader Section. The SPM rule can execute from the entire Flash.

Table1: Memory Size of ATMEGA328P

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P reinforce a honest to goodness Read-While-Write Self-Programming framework. There is an alternate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM rule can simply execute starting there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write support and the same Boot Loader Section. The SPM rule can execute from the entire Flash.

Control

The Arduino Uno can be controlled by methods for the USB affiliation or with an outside power supply. The power source is picked therefore. Outside (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC connector (divider wart) or battery. The connector can be related by halting a 2.1mm concentration positive interface with the board’s vitality jack. Leads from a battery can be implanted in the Gnd and Vin stick headers of the POWER connector. The board can take a shot at an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. In the occasion that gave under 7V, regardless, the 5V stick may supply under five volts and the board may be unreliable. In the occasion that using more than 12V, the voltage controller may overheat and hurt the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are according to the accompanying:

• VIN. The data voltage to the Arduino board when it’s using an outside power source (rather than 5 volts from the USB affiliation or other coordinated power source). You can supply voltage through this stick, or, if giving voltage by methods for the power jack, get to it through this stick.

• 5V.This stick yields an oversaw 5V from the controller on the board. The board can be furnished with power either from the DC control jack (7 – 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN stick of the board (7-12V). Giving voltage by methods for the 5V or 3.3V pins evades the controller, and can hurt your board. We don’t quick it.

• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply made by the on-board controller. Most outrageous current draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It in like manner has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be scrutinized and made with the EEPROM library).

Information and Output

Each of the 14 mechanized sticks on the Uno can be used as a data or yield, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() limits. They work at 5 volts. Each stick can give or get a most outrageous of 40 mA and has an inside draw up resistor (isolated as per normal procedure) of 20-50 kOhms. Also, a couple pins have specific limits:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to get (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are related with the relating pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be organized to trigger a thwart on a low regard, a rising or falling edge, or a modification in regard. See the attachInterrupt() work for purposes of intrigue.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Give 8-bit PWM yield with the analogWrite() work.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins reinforce SPI correspondence using the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a verifiable LED related with cutting edge stick 13. Right when the stick is HIGH regard, the LED is on, when the stick is LOW, it’s off.

The Uno has 6 basic wellsprings of data, stamped A0 through A5, each of which give 10 bits of assurance (i.e. 1024 particular qualities). As usual they measure from ground to 5 volts, however is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF stick and the analogReference() work. Besides, a couple pins have specific value:

• TWI: A4 or SDA stick and A5 or SCL stick. Support TWI correspondence using the Wire library.

There are a few unique sticks on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the basic wellsprings of data. Used with analogReference().

• Reset. Pass on this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Commonly used to add a reset catch to shields which impede the one on the board.

See in like manner the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is undefined.

2.2.3 Communication

The Arduino Uno has different workplaces for talking with a PC, another Arduino, or diverse microcontrollers. The ATmega328 gives UART TTL (5V) serial correspondence, which is open on automated pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial correspondence over USB and appears as a virtual com port to programming on the PC. The ’16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no outside driver is required. In any case, on Windows, an .inf record is required. The Arduino programming joins a serial screen which licenses clear scholarly data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will streak when data is being transmitted by methods for the USB-to-serial chip and USB relationship with the PC (however not for serial correspondence on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library considers serial correspondence on any of the Uno’s propelled pins. The ATmega328 furthermore supports I2C (TWI) and SPI correspondence. The Arduino programming fuses a Wire library to unravel usage of the I2C transport; see the documentation for purposes of intrigue. For SPI correspondence, use the SPI library.

2.2.4 Programming

The Arduino Uno can be modified with the Arduino programming (download). Select “Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (as demonstrated by the microcontroller on your board). For purposes of intrigue, see the reference and instructional activities. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that licenses you to exchange new code to it without the use of an outside hardware programming engineer. It bestows using the main STK500 tradition (reference, C header reports). You can similarly evade the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these bearings for purposes of intrigue. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 sheets) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is stacked with a DFU bootloader, which can be incited by:

• On Rev1 sheets: interfacing the fix jumper on the back of the board (near the guide of Italy) and a short time later resetting the 8U2.

• On Rev2 or later sheets: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it more straightforward to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel’s FLIP programming (Windows) or the DFU designer (Mac OS X and Linux) to stack another firmware. Or, then again you can use the ISP header with an external programming engineer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this customer contributed instructional exercise for more information.

Modified (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset get before an exchange, the Arduino Uno is made in a way that licenses it to be reset by programming running on a related PC. One of the gear stream control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is related with the reset line of the ATmega328 by methods for a 100 nanofarad capacitor. Exactly when this line is confirmed (taken low), the reset line drops adequately long to reset the chip. The Arduino programming uses this ability to allow you to exchange code by simply crushing the move get in the Arduino condition.

This infers the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the bringing down of DTR can be all around encouraged with the start of the exchange. This setup has diverse consequences. Right when the Uno is related with either a PC running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time an affiliation is made to it from programming (by methods for USB). For the going with halfsecond or something like that, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is changed to neglect bended data (i.e. anything other than an exchange of new code), it will catch the underlying couple of bytes of data sent to the board after an affiliation is opened.

In case a draw running on the heap up gets one-time setup or other data when it initially starts, guarantee that the item with which it passes on holds up a minute in the wake of opening the affiliation and before sending this data. The Uno contains a take after that can be cut to weaken the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the take after can be attached together to re-engage it. It’s checked “RESET-EN”. You may in like manner have the ability to weaken the auto-reset by interfacing a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this dialog string for unobtrusive components.

2.2.5 USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that shields your PC’s USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Yet most PCs give their own specific internal security, the breaker gives an extra layer of confirmation. If more than 500 mA is associated with the USB port, the wire will normally break the relationship until the short or over-weight is ousted.

2.2.6 Physical Characteristics

The most outrageous length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches independently, with the USB connector and power jack connecting past the past estimation. Four screw holes allow the board to be joined to a surface or case. Observe that the division between mechanized pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16″), not an even different of the 100 mil isolating of exchange pins.

Fig2.7: Register Diagram

Special Addressing Registers

• X, Y and Z registers

16-bit registers made using registers 26 – 31

• Support indirect addressing

Fig2.8: Special Address Register

AVR Memory

• Program memory – Flash
• Data memory – SRAM

Fig2.9: AVR Memory

Addressing Modes

• Direct register addressing

Fig2.10: Direct Addressing Register

 

• Direct I/O addressing

 

Fig2.11: Direct I/O Addressing

Direct data memory addressing

Fig2.12: Direct Data Memory Addressing

Direct data memory with displacement addressing

Fig3.13: Direct data memory with displacement addressing

Indirect data memory addressing

Fig2.14: Indirect data memory addressing

Indirect data memory addressing with pre-decrement

Fig2.15: Indirect data memory addressing with pre-decrement

Indirect data memory addressing with post-increment

Fig2.16: Indirect data memory addressing with post-increment

Program memory addressing (constant data)

Fig2.17: Program memory addressing

 

SRAM Read/Write Timing

Fig2.18: SRAM Read/Write Timing

Stack Pointer Register

• Special register in I/O space [3E, 3D]

• Enough bits to address data space
• Initialized to RAMEND (address of highest memory address)

• Instructions that use the stack pointer

 

Table2: Instructions of Stack Pointer

Program Status Register (PSR)

 

 

 

2.3 Servo Motor Lock

A servo system fundamentally contains three basic fragments – a controlled device, a yield sensor, a feedback structure. This is a modified closed circle control structure. Here rather than controlling a contraption by applying the variable information signal, the device is controlled by a feedback hail made by differentiating yield banner and reference input signal. Exactly when reference input banner or charge banner is associated with the structure, it is differentiated and yield reference banner of the system made by yield sensor, and a third banner conveyed by a feedback structure. This third banner goes about as a data banner of controlled contraption.

This data banner to the contraption demonstrates the length of there is an astute refinement between reference input hail and the yield banner of the structure. After the device achieves its desired yield, there will be no longer the authentic qualification between reference input banner and reference yield banner of the structure. By then, the third banner made by taking a gander at recommendations above said signs won’t remain enough to work the device encourage and to convey a further yield of the system until the accompanying reference input banner or request banner is associated with the structure. Along these lines, the fundamental task of a servomechanism is to keep up the yield of a system at the pined for a motivator inside seeing unsettling impacts.

Fig2.19: Motor Schematic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.3.1 What is Servo Motor?

A servo system fundamentally contains three basic fragments – a controlled device, a yield sensor, a feedback structure. This is a modified closed circle control structure. Here rather than controlling a contraption by applying the variable information signal, the device is controlled by a feedback hail made by differentiating yield banner and reference input signal. Exactly when reference input banner or charge banner is associated with the structure, it is differentiated and yield reference banner of the system made by yield sensor, and a third banner conveyed by a feedback structure. This third banner goes about as a data banner of controlled contraption.

This data banner to the contraption demonstrates the length of there is an astute refinement between reference input hail and the yield banner of the structure. After the device achieves its desired yield, there will be no longer the authentic qualification between reference input banner and reference yield banner of the structure. By then, the third banner made by taking a gander at recommendations above said signs won’t remain enough to work the device encourage and to convey a further yield of the system until the accompanying reference input banner or request banner is associated with the structure. Along these lines, the fundamental task of a servomechanism is to keep up the yield of a system at the pined for a motivator inside seeing unsettling impacts.

 

 

2.3.1.2 Working Principle of Servo Motor

A servo contains a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, adjust get together and a controlling circuit. As an issue of first significance we use adjust get together to decline RPM and to extend torque of motor. Say at basic position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer handle is with the ultimate objective that there is no electrical banner created at the yield port of the potentiometer. By and by an electrical banner is given to another data terminal of the misstep identifier enhancer. By and by refinement between these two signs, one starts from potentiometer and another begins from other source, will be set up in feedback framework and yield will be given in term of goof banner. This bumble signal goes about as the commitment for motor and motor starts turning. By and by motor shaft is related with potentiometer and as motor rotates so the potentiometer and it will deliver a banner. So as the potentiometer’s exact position changes, its yield feedback hail changes. After sooner or later the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that the yield of potentiometer is same as external banner gave. At this condition, there will be no yield movement from the enhancer to the motor commitment as there is no refinement between outside associated hail and the banner delivered at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops turning.

2.3.2 Controlling of Servo Motor

All motors have three wires abandoning them. Out of which two will be used for Supply (positive and negative) and one will be used for the banner that will be sent from the MCU.

Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is given by the control wires. There is a base pulse, a biggest pulse and a repetition rate. Servo motor can turn 90 degree from either course outline its neutral position. The servo motor plans to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the beat will choose how far the motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms pulse will make the motor swing to the 90° position, for instance, if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft moves to 0° and if it is longer than 1.5ms than it will turn the servo to 180°.

Servo motor tackles PWM (Pulse width change) rule, suggests its purpose of rotate is controlled by the term of associated pulse to its Control PIN. Basically servo motor is contained DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and a couple of riggings. Fast force of DC motor is changed over into torque by Gears. We understand that WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE, in DC motor Force is less and partitioned (speed) is high and in Servo, propel is High and division is less. Potentiometer is related with

the yield shaft of the Servo, to process the point and stop the DC motor on required edge.

.

Servo engine can be turned from 0 to 180 degree, however it can go up to 210 degree, contingent upon the assembling. This level of turn can be controlled by applying the Electrical Pulse of legitimate width, to its Control stick. Servo checks the beat in each 20 milliseconds. Beat of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can pivot servo to 0 degree, 1.5ms can turn to 90 degree (unbiased position) and 2 ms heartbeat can turn it to 180 degree.

Every single servo engine work specifically with your +5V supply rails yet we must be watchful on the measure of current the engine would expend, on the off chance that you are wanting to utilize more than two servo engines a legitimate servo shield ought to be planned.

2.4 RFID Reader Module

A radio recurrence recognizable proof peruser (RFID peruser) is a gadget used to accumulate data from a RFID label, which is utilized to track singular articles. Radio waves are utilized to exchange information from the tag to a peruser.

RFID is an innovation comparable in principle to scanner tags. Be that as it may, the RFID tag does not need to be filtered specifically, nor does it require observable pathway to a peruser. The RFID label it must be inside the scope of a RFID peruser, which ranges from 3 to 300 feet, so as to be perused. RFID innovation permits a few things to be immediately filtered and empowers quick recognizable proof of a specific item, notwithstanding when it is encompassed by a few different things.

RFID labels have not supplanted standardized identifications due to their cost and the need to independently distinguish each thing.

Fig. RFID Reader Module

2.4.1 Reader Module Working
RFID Reader Module, are in like manner called as cross analysts. They change over radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a casing that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make usage of it. RFID marks and perusers must be tuned to a comparable repeat with a particular ultimate objective to pass on. RFID systems use an extensive variety of frequencies, however the most surely understood and comprehensively used and reinforced by our Reader is 125 KHz.

A RFID system contains two separate parts: a tag and a peruser. Names are practically identical to institutionalized label checks, and come in different shapes and sizes. The tag contains a gathering mechanical assembly related with a little microchip containing up to two kilobytes of data. The peruser, or scanner, works correspondingly to an institutionalized recognizable proof scanner; in any case, while an institutionalized distinguishing proof scanner uses a laser bar to check the institutionalized ID, a RFID scanner uses electromagnetic waves. To transmit these waves, the scanner uses a radio wire that transmits a banner, talking with the names gathering mechanical assembly. The marks gathering mechanical assembly gets data from the scanner and transmits its particular chip information to the scanner.

The data on the chip is normally secured in one of two sorts of memory. The most surely understood is Read-Only Memory (ROM); as its name suggests, read-nobody yet memory can’t be balanced once modified onto the chip in the midst of the amassing method. The second sort of memory is Read/Write Memory; be that as it may it is furthermore altered in the midst of the amassing strategy, it can later be changed by particular devices.

The RFID label comprises of a fueled or non controlled microchip and a radio wire. The three unique sorts of labels are portrayed underneath.

Latent labels are the least difficult, littlest and least expensive variant of a RFID tag as they don’t contain an inherent power source and thus can’t start correspondence with a peruser. As the accessible power from the peruser field decreases quickly with separation, aloof labels have pragmatic perused ranges that change from around 10 mm up to around 5 meters.

Semi-uninvolved labels have worked in batteries and don’t require vitality from the peruser field to control the microchip. This permits them to work with much lower flag control levels and act over more noteworthy separations.

2.4.2 Reader Module Applications

RFID innovation might be utilized as a part of an assortment of uses including:

• Passports

• Smart cards

• Airplane baggage

• Toll stall passes

• Home machines

• Merchandise labels

• Animal and pet labels

• Automobile key-and-bolt

• Monitoring heart patients

• Pallet following for stock

• Telephone and PC systems

• Operation of rocket and satellites

RFID innovation utilizes computerized information in a RFID label, which is comprised of coordinated circuits containing a small recieving wire for exchanging data to a RFID handset. The lion’s share of RFID labels contain no less than a coordinated circuit for balancing and demodulating radio recurrence and a recieving wire for transmitting and getting signals. Recurrence ranges fluctuate from low frequencies of 125 to 134 kHz and 140 to 148.5 kHz, and high frequencies of 850 to 950 MHz and 2.4 to 2.5 GHz. Wavelengths in the 2.4 GHz range are restricted in light of the fact that they can be consumed by water.

2.4.3 Reader Module Pin Diagram

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. RFID Reader Module Pin Diagram.

2.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic show module and locate an extensive variety of utilizations. A 16×2 LCD show is exceptionally fundamental module and is regularly utilized as a part of different gadgets and circuits. These modules are favored more than seven portions and other multi fragment LEDs.

The reasons being: LCDs are prudent; effectively programmable; have no confinement of showing extraordinary and even custom characters (not at all like in seven portions), activitys et cetera.

A 16×2 LCD implies it can show 16 characters for each line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is shown in 5×7 pixel framework. This LCD has two registers, specifically, Command and Data.

The order enlist stores the charge directions given to the LCD. An order is a direction given to LCD to do a predefined errand like instating it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling presentation and so on. The information enroll stores the information to be shown on the LCD. The information is the ASCII estimation of the character to be shown on the LCD. Snap to take in more about inner structure of a LCD.

2.5.1 Pin Diagram

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic show module and locate an extensive variety of uses. A 16×2 LCD show is exceptionally essential module and is usually utilized as a part of different gadgets and circuits. These modules are favored more than seven fragments and other multi portion LEDs.

The reasons being: LCDs are conservative; effectively programmable; have no constraint of showing unique and even custom characters (dissimilar to in seven sections), movements et cetera.

A 16×2 LCD implies it can show 16 characters for each line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is shown in 5×7 pixel framework. This LCD has two registers, in particular, Command and Data. The order enroll stores the charge guidelines given to the LCD. A charge is a guideline given to LCD to do a predefined errand like instating it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling presentation and so on. The information enlist stores the information to be shown on the LCD. The information is the ASCII estimation of the character to be shown on the LCD. Snap to take in more about interior structure of a LCD.

Fig2.25: PIN Diagram of LCD

2.5.2 Pin Description: 

Table4: PIN description of LCD

2.5.3 Block Diagram of LCD Display

Fig2.26: Block Diagram of LCD Display

Perused 8bit twofold information from DDRAM/CGRAM

The choice of RAM is set by the past address set bearing. On the off chance that the address set run of RAM is not performed before this govern, the information that is investigated first is invalid, in light of the way that the course of AC is not picked. In the event that the RAM information is inspected several times without RAM address set course before read operation, the right RAM information from the second, however the principle information would not be right, as there is zero chance to exchange RAM information. If there should be an occurrence of DDRAM read operation, cursor move govern acknowledge an indistinct part from DDRAM address set heading; it in like way exchanges RAM information to the yield information registers.

After read operation, the information address counter is really augmented or diminished by 1 as appeared by the section mode. After CGRAM read operation, show move may not be executed legitimately.

*In event of RAM make operation, AC is developed or decreased by 1 like that of the read operation. In this time AC shows the going with territory position, however the past information can just by the read heading.

2) Write information to RAM

Compose twofold 8bit information to DDRAM/CGRAM. The choice of CGRAM or DRAM is set by the past address set direction; DDRAM address set, CGRAM address set. Slam set guideline can likewise decide the AC course to RAM. After compose operation, the address is naturally expanded or diminished by 1 as indicated by the section mode.

3) Read Busy Flag and Address

By making this read out operation, it can be resolved if the LCD is playing out some inside operation or not. On the off chance that Busy Flag (BF) is high, some inward operation is going inside the LCD at that specific minute. To perform facilitate operation the information source (e.g. miniaturized scale controller) must sit tight for the BF to go low. Here, the address counter esteem can likewise be perused.

By making this read out operation, it can be resolved if the LCD is playing out some inside operation or not. On the off chance that Busy Flag (BF) is high, some inward operation is going inside the LCD at that specific minute. To perform advance operation the information source (e.g. smaller scale controller) must sit tight for the BF to go low. Here, the address counter esteem can likewise be perused.

4) Set DDRAM Address

Set DDRAM deliver to AC, this guideline makes DDRAM information accessible from MPU. In 1-line show mode, DDRAM address officers from “00H” to “4FH”. In 2-line show mode, DDRAM address in the main line ranges from “00H” to “27H”, and DDRAM address in the second line is from “40H” to “67H”.

5) Set CGRAM address

Set CGRAM deliver to AC. This direction makes CGRAM information accessible from MPU.

6) Function Set

DL: Interface information length control bit

DL=’1′ implies 8bit method of information exchange.

DL=’0′ implies 4bit method of information exchange

At the point when 4 bit mode is actuated, the information should be moved in two sections, first higher 4bits, and afterward bring down 4 bits.

N: show line number control bit

N=’1′ will permits to characters to show in 2-lines

N=’0′ will permits to characters to show in the primary line as it were

F: show textual style control bit

F=’0′ will utilize 5×8 specks organize show mode

F=’1′ will utilize 5×11 spots design show mode

7) Cursor or show Shift

Without composing or perusing the show information, moving right/left cursor position or show.

This direction is made to right or pursuit or show information. Amid 2-line show mode, cursor moves to the second line after the 40th digit of the first line.

At the point when shown information is moved over and over, each line moves independently.

At the point when show move is played out, the substance of the address counter are not changed.

8) Display On/Off Control

Table12: Display ON/OFF Control

This direction controls Display, Cursor and cursor flicker.

D: Display On/Off control bit

D=’1′ implies whole show is turned on

D=’0′ implies whole show is killed. In any case, Display information stays in DDRAM.

C: cursor On/Off control bit

C=’1′ turns on the cursor

C=’0′ kills the cursor. Be that as it may, I/D enlist holds the information

B: Cursor flicker On/Off control bit

B=’1′ makes cursor flicker intermittently.

B=’0′ stops the cursor to flicker and cursor looks enduring if the Cursor is turned on.

9) Entry Mode Set

This guideline sets the moving bearing of cursor and show.

When I/D= “1” cursor moves to one side and DDRAM address is expanded by 1.

When I/D= “0” cursor moves to one side and DDRAM address is diminished by 1.

CGRAM works similarly in this setting.

This guideline sets the moving course of cursor and show.

When I/D= “1” cursor moves to one side and DDRAM address is expanded by 1.

When I/D= “0” cursor moves to one side and DDRAM address is diminished by 1.

CGRAM works similarly in this setting.

10) Return Home

This direction sets the deliver counter to ’00H’, and returns the cursor to the primary segment of first line. Furthermore, if show is moved beforehand, this direction moves this as well. The DDRAM substance don’t change in this guideline.

11) Clear show

Clear all the show information by expressing “20H” (ASCII code of “space” character) to all DDRAM address, AND set esteem DDRAM address counter (AC) to “00H”. It gives back the cursor to the primary section of first line and sets the passage mode to augmentation mode (I/D=’1′).

2.5.6 8-bit and 4-bit interfacing of LCD

Presently the question is the means by which to show information in the LCD or offer charge to it. There is two methods of information exchange are bolstered by LCD shows. One is 4bit mode, another is 8 bit mode. To move information In 8 bit mode, first put your information in the 8bit transport, then place charge in the summon transport and after that heartbeat the empower flag.

To send information in 4bit mode; first put upper 4bit in the 4 bit information transport associated with 4MSB pins of LCD show, then put control motions in the control transport, then heartbeat the E stick once. Next put the lower 4 bit in the information transport and heartbeat the E stick once more. Here is a flowchart essentially portraying it.

2.5.6.1 8 BIT MODE

There is parcel of stuff that should be possible with the LCDs, to begin with we will basic show several strings on the 2 lines of the LCD as appeared in the picture.

 

Fig2.27: 8-Bit mode Schematic

Schematic description

• Data Lines: In this mode, all of the 8 data lines DB0 to DB7 are connected from the microcontroller to a LCD module as shown the schematic.
• Control Lines:’ The RS, RW and E are control lines, as discussed earlier.
• Power & contrast: Apart from that the LCD should be powered with 5V between PIN 2(VCC) and PIN 1(GND). PIN 3 is the contrast pin and is output of centre terminal of potentiometer (voltage divider) which varies voltage between 0 to 5v to vary the contrast.
• Back-light: The PIN 15 and 16 are used as backlight. The led backlight can be powered through a simple current limiting resistor as we do with normal LED’s.

2.5.6.2. 4 Bit Modes

There are following differences in 4 bit mode.

• Only data lines D4 to D7 are used as shown in the schematic below.
• In code, we need to send the command to select 4 bit mode as shown in the instruction set above.

The main program remains exactly as in 8 bit mode, we simply include the lcd_4_bit.c to work in 4 bit mode.

2.5.6 LCD Display Interfacing – Flowchart

Fig2.26: Flow chart of interfacing LCD display

2.6 Global System for Mobile (GSM)

GSM stays for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard set made by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to delineate traditions for second period (2G) mechanized cell frameworks used by mobile phones. A Modem is a contraption which controls and demodulates movements as required to meet the correspondence necessities. It manages a straightforward conveyor banner to encode electronic information, and moreover demodulates such a transporter banner to disentangle the transmitted information.

A GSM Modem is a contraption that changes and demodulates the GSM signals and in this particular case 2G signals. The modem we are using is SIMCOM SIM900. It is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS Modem as it can perceive and work at three frequencies (EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 Mhz). Default working frequencies are EGSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz.

Sim900 is an extensively used as a piece of numerous endeavors and subsequently various varieties of change sheets for this have been made. These change sheets are outfitted with various segments to make it easy to talk with the SIM900 module. A couple sheets give just TTL interface while a couple sheets consolidate a RS232 interface and some others join a USB interface. If your PC has a serial port (DB9) you can buy a GSM Modem that has both TTL and RS232 interfacings in economy.

Sim900 GSM module used here, includes a TTL interface and a RS232 interface. The TTL interface licenses us to clearly interface with a microcontroller while the RS232 interface consolidates a MAX232 IC to enable correspondence with the PC. It moreover involves a flag, recieving wire and SIM opening. Sim900 in this application is used as a DCE (Data Circuit-finishing Equipment) and PC as a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment).

2.6.1 Why utilize GSM

GSM Technology has grown so much, that really there isn’t a place on earth where there is no GSM hail. In such a circumstance GSM gives us a wide degree in controlling things remotely from wherever just with our fingertips. GSM similarly offers straightforwardness to successfully pass on in a more incredible way.

A GSM module has a RS232 interface for serial correspondence with an outside periphery. For this circumstance, the transmit stick (Tx) of the PC’s Serial port is related with the get stick (Rx) of the GSM module’s RS-232 interface. The transmit stick (Tx) of the RS-232 of GSM module is related with get stick (Rx) of microcontroller’s serial transmission stick. Furthermore, the serial transmit stick of the microcontroller is related with the get stick of the PC’s Serial port. Thusly the summons and their results are transmitted and gotten in a triangular way as depicted underneath.

Fig2.29: GSM transmission structure

In consequent tasks (see MC075 and MC076), the HyperTerminal will be supplanted by the microcontroller itself; subsequently keeping away from the need of utilizing a Computer to build up an interface. This would prompt an autonomous GSM based framework.

The microcontroller is customized to get and transmit information at a baud rate of 9600. For more points of interest on setting the baud rate of microcontroller, allude serial correspondence with 8051.

The controller can get information flags either by surveying or by making utilization of serial interfere with (ES). Serial hinder has been clarified in interfere with programming. In surveying, the controller ceaselessly filters serial port for approaching information from the GSM module.

2.6.2 GSM System Architecture

In GSM structure the compact handset is called Mobile Station (MS). A cell is molded by the degree domain of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) which serves the MS in its extension territory. A couple BTS together are controlled by one Base Station Controller (BSC). The BTS and BSC together casing Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The joined development of the compact stations in their different cells is guided through a switch called Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Affiliation starting or closure from outside telephone (PSTN) are dealt with by a committed entry Gate way Mobile Switching Center (GMSC). The plan of a GSM system is showed up in the figure underneath.

Despite the above substances a couple of databases are used with the true objective of call control and framework organization. These databases are Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), the Authentication Center (AUC), and Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

Home Location Register (HLR) stores the enduring, (for instance, customer profile) and furthermore concise, (for instance, current territory) information about each one of the customers selected with the framework.

Fig2.30: GSM engineering

A VLR stores the information about the clients who are being adjusted at present. It incorporates the information put away in HLR for quicker access and the teemporary information like area of the client. The AUC stores the confirmation data of the client, for example, the keys for encryption. The EIR stores information about the gear’s and can be utilized to keep calls from a stolen equipment’s. All the portable hardware’s in GSM ssystem are doled out extraordinary id called IMSI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) and is assigned by gear producer and enrolled by the specialist organization. This number is put away in the EIR. The clients are distinguished by the IMSI (International Module Subscriber Identity) which is put away in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) of the client. A versatile station can be utilized just if a substantial SIM is embedded into gear with legitimate IMSI. The “genuine” phone number is not quite the same as the above ids and is put away in SIM.

 

2.7 Power Supply

A power supply is a gadget which conveys a correct voltage to another gadget according to its needs. There are many power supplies accessible today in the market like controlled, unregulated, variable and so on., and the choice to pick the right one depends completely on what gadget you are attempting to work with the power supply. Control supplies, regularly called control connectors, or essentially connectors, are accessible in different voltages, with shifting current limits, which is only the most extreme limit of a power supply to convey current to a heap (Load is the gadget you are attempting to supply energy to).

2.7.1 Why make one yourself?

One would ask himself, “Why do I make it myself, when it accessible in the market?” Well, the appropriate response is-regardless of the possibility that you get one, it will undoubtedly quit working in a while (and trust me, control supplies quit working with no earlier sign, one day they’ll work, the following day they’ll simply quit working!). Along these lines, on the off chance that you manufacture one yourself, you will dependably know how to repair it, as you will know precisely what segment/some portion of the circuit is doing what. What’s more, further, knowing how to construct one, will permit you to repair the ones you have as of now purchased, without squandering your cash on another one.

2.7.2 What you need?

Copper wires, with at least 1A current carrying capacity for AC mains

Step Down Transformer

1N4007 Silica Diodes (×4)

1000µF Capacitor

10µF Capacitor

Voltage regulator (78XX) (XX is the output voltage reqd. I’ll explain this concept later)

Soldering iron

Solder

General Purpose PCB

Adapter jack (to provide the output voltage to a device with a particular socket)

2 Pin plug

Optional

LED (for indication)

Resistor (Value explained later)

Heat Sink for The Voltage Regulator (For higher current outputs)

SPST Switch

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER – III

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Arduino IDE

In its least difficult shape, an Arduino is a little PC that you can program to process sources of info and yields going to and from the chip.

The Arduino is what is known as a Physical or Embedded Computing stage, which implies that it is an intelligent framework that using equipment and programming can cooperate with its condition.

For instance, a straightforward utilization of the Arduino is turn a light on for a set timeframe, suppose 30 seconds, after a catch has been squeezed (we will assemble this extremely same venture later in the book). In this illustration, the Arduino would have a light associated with it and additionally a catch. The Arduino would sit persistently sitting tight for the catch to be squeezed. When you press the catch it would then turn the light on and begin tallying. When it had numbered 30 seconds it would then kill the light and after that portable staying there sitting tight for another catch press. You could utilize this set-up to control a light in an under-stairs cabinet for instance. You could extend this case to detect when the pantry entryway was opened and consequently turn the light on, turning it off after a set timeframe.

The Arduino can be utilized to create remain solitary intuitive articles or it can be associated with a PC to recover or send information to the Arduino and afterward follow up on that information (e.g. Send sensor information out to the web).

The Arduino can be associated with LEDʼs. Speck Matrix shows, LED shows, catches, switches, engines, temperature sensors, weight sensors, remove sensors, webcams, printers, GPS collectors, Ethernet modules.

The Arduino load up is made of an Atmel AVR Microprocessor, a gem or oscillator (essentially a rough clock that sends time heartbeats to the microcontroller to empower it to work at the right

To program the Arduino (make it do what you need it to) you additionally utilize the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is a bit of free programming, that empowers you to program in the dialect that the Arduino gets it. On account of the Arduino the dialect is C. The IDE empowers you to compose a PC program, which is an arrangement of well ordered guidelines that you then transfer to the Arduino. At that point your Arduino will do those guidelines and collaborate with the world outside. In the Arduino world, projects are known as ʻSketchesʼ.

The Arduino equipment and programming are both Open Source, which implies the code, the schematics, plan, and so forth are all open for anybody to take uninhibitedly and do what they like with it.

This implies there is nothing preventing anybody from taking the schematics and PCB plans of the Arduino and making their own and offering them. This is superbly legitimate, and in reality the entire reason for Open Source, and without a doubt the Freeduino that accompanies the Earthshine Design Arduino Starter Kit is a flawless case of where somebody has taken the Arduino PCB configuration, made their own and are offering it under the Freeduino name. You could even make your own

The main stipulation that the Arduino advancement group put on outside designers is that the Arduino name must be utilized solely by them all alone items and henceforth the clone sheets have names, for example, Freeduino, Boarduino, Roboduino, and so on.

As the plans are open source, any clone board, for example, the Freeduino, is 100% good with the Arduino and along these lines any product, equipment, shields, and so forth will all be The Arduino can also be extended with the use of shields which circuit boards are containing 100% perfect with a real Arduino.other devices (e.g. GPS receivers, LCD Displays, Ethernet connections, etc.) that you can simply slot into the top of your Arduino to get extra functionality. You don’t have to use a shield if you don’t want to as you can make the exact same circuitry using a breadboard, some overboard or even by making your own PCBʼs.

Fig3.2: Detailed Arduino Schematic

There are a wide range of variations of the Arduino accessible. The most widely recognized one is the Diecimila or the Duemilanove. You can likewise get Mini, Nano and Bluetooth Arduino’s. New to the product offering is the new Arduino Mega with expanded memory and number of I/O pins.

Likely the most flexible Arduino, and thus the reason it is the most well known, is the Duemilanove. This is on account of it uses a standard 28 stick chip, joined to an IC Socket. The excellence of this frameworks is that in the event that you make something perfect with the Arduino and after that need to transform it into something lasting (e.g. Or, then again under-stairs organizer light), then as opposed to utilizing the moderately costly Arduino board, you can just utilize the Arduino to build up your gadget, then pop the chip out of the board and place it into your own circuit board in your custom gadget. You would then have made an exclusively inserted gadget, which is truly cool.

At that point, for a few quid or bucks you can supplant the AVR contribute your Arduino with another one. The chip must be pre-modified with the Arduino Bootloader to empower it to work with the Arduino IDE, however you can either consume the Bootloader yourself on the off chance that you buy an AVR Programmer, or you can purchase these pre-customized from numerous providers around the globe. Obviously, Earthshine Design give pre-customized Arduino contributes itʼ store at an extremely sensible cost.

On the off chance that you do an inquiry on the Internet by basically writing Arduino into the pursuit box of your most loved web index, you will be stunned at the immense measure of sites committed to the Arduino. You can discover a psyche boggling measure of data on tasks made with the Arduino and on the off chance that you have a venture at the top of the priority list, will effectively discover data that will help you to get your venture up and running effortlessly.

The Arduino is an astounding gadget and will empower you to make anything from intelligent show-stoppers to robots. With a little energy to figure out how to program the Arduino and make it communicate with different parts a well as a touch of creative ability, you can construct anything you need.

This book and the unit will give you the vital aptitudes expected to begin in this energizing and imaginative leisure activity.

In this way, now you comprehend what an Arduino is and what you can do with it, we should open up the starter pack and make a plunge.

3.2 Getting Started

Fig3.2: Freeduino

Get the Freeduino and the USB Cable

Firstly, get your Freeduino board and lay it on the table in front of you. Take the USB cable and plug the B plug (the fatter squarer end) into the USB socket on the Freeduino. At this stage do NOT connect the Freeduino to your PC or Mac yet.

Fig3.3: Arduino USB Cable

3.2.1 Download the Arduino IDE

Download the Arduino IDE from the Arduino download page. As of the season of composing this book, the most recent IDE variant is 0015. The record is a ZIP document so you should uncompress it. Once the download has completed, unfasten the document, ensuring that you safeguard the envelope structure as it is and don’t roll out any improvements.

On the off chance that you double tap the organizer, you will see a couple documents and sub-envelopes inside.

3.2.2 Install the Drivers

If you are using Windows you will find the drivers in the drivers/FTDI USB

Drivers directory of the Arduino distribution. In the next stage (“Connect the Freeduino”), you   will   point Windows Add New Hardware wizard to these drivers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig3.4: Selecting the Arduino in the device manager

In the event that you have a Mac these are in the drivers registry. On the off chance that you have a more seasoned Mac like a PowerBook, iBook, G4 or G5, you ought to utilize the PPC drivers: FTDIUSBSerialDriver_v2_1_9.dmg. On the off chance that you have a more current Mac with an Intel chip, you require the Intel drivers:

FTDIUSBSerialDriver_v2_2_9_Intel.dmg. Double tap to mount the circle picture and run the included FTDIUSBSerialDriver.pkg.

The most recent adaptation of the drivers can be found on the FTDI site.

3.3.3 Connect the Freeduino

In the first place, ensure that the little power jumper, between the power and USB attachments, is set to USB and not External power (not material in the event that you have a Roboduino board, which has an Auto Power Select capacity).

Utilizing this jumper you can either control the board from the USB port (useful for low current gadgets like LEDʼs, and so forth.) or from an outer power supply (6-12V DC).

Fig3.5: Arduino Supply Board

Presently, interface the flip side of the USB link into the USB attachment on your PC or Mac. You will now observe the little power LED (stamped PWR over the RESET change) illuminate to show you have energy to the board.

In the event that you have a Mac, this phase of the procedure is finished and you can proceed onward to the following Chapter. On the off chance that you are utilizing Windows, there are a couple of more strides to finish (Damn you Bill Gates!).

On Windows the Found New Hardware Wizard will now open up as Windows will have distinguished that you have associated another bit of equipment (your Freeduino load up) to your PC.Tell it NOT to interface with Windows refresh (Select No, not right now) and after that snap Next.

from a rundown or particular area (Advanced)” and snap Next.

Ensure that “Scan for the best drivers in these areas” is checked.

Uncheck “Look removable media”. Check “Counting this area in the inquiry” and after that tap the Browse catch. Peruse to the area of the USB drivers and after that snap Next

The wizard will now look for a reasonable driver and after that reveal to you that a “USB Serial Convertor” has been found and that the equipment wizard is currently entire. Click Finish.

You are presently prepared to transfer your first Sketch.

3.2.4 Uploading your First Sketch

You will see the Sketch inside the white code window.

Presently, before we transfer the Sketch, we have to tell the IDE what sort of Arduino we are utilizing and the subtle elements of our USB port. Go to the record menu and snap Tools, then clock on Board. You will be given a rundown of the majority of the various types of Arduino board that can be

associated with the IDE. Our Freeduino board will either be fitted with an Atmega328 or an Atmega168 chip so pick “Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega328” on the off chance that you have a 328 chip or “Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ATmega328P” on the off chance that you have a 328 chip.

Since your Freeduino has been associated and the drivers for the USB chip have been introduced, we are presently prepared to experiment with the Arduino interestingly and transfer your first Sketch.

Explore to your recently unfastened Arduino organizer and search for the Arduino IDE symbol, which looks something like this….

Double tap the ICON to open up the IDE. You will then be given a blue and white screen with a default portray stacked inside.

This is the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and is the place you will create your Sketches (undertakings) to exchange to your Arduino board.

Make sure that “Search for the best drivers in these locations” is checked.

Uncheck “Search removable media”. Check “Including this location in the search” and then click the Browse button. Browse to the location of the USB drivers and then click Next

3.2.4 Uploading your First Sketch

Our Freeduino board will either be fitted with an Atmega328 or an Atmega168 chip so choose “Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega328” if you have a 328 chip or “Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega328P” if you have a 328 chip.

Now that your Freeduino has been connected and the drivers for the USB chip have been installed, we are now ready to try out the Arduino for the first time and upload your first Sketch.

Navigate to your newly unzipped Arduino folder and look for the Arduino IDE icon, which looks something like this….

                   Double click the ICON to open up the IDE. You will then be presented with a blue and white screen with a default sketch loaded inside.

This is the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and is the place you will compose your Sketches (projects) to transfer to your Arduino board.

We will investigate the IDE in somewhat more detail in the following part. For the present, basically click File in the grind menu and look down to Sketchbook. At that point look down to Examples and snap it. You will be given a rundown of Example draws that you can use to experiment with your Arduino. Presently tap on Digital and inside there you will discover a case Sketch called Blink. Tap on this. The Blink Sketch will now be stacked into the IDE and

Now you need to tell the IDE the details of your USB port, so now click on Tools again, scroll down to Serial Port and a list of the available serial ports on your system will be displayed. You need to choose the one that refers to your USB cable, which is usually listed as something like /dev/tty.usbserial-xxxx on a Mac or something like Com 4 on Windows so click on that. If not sure, try each one till you find one that works.

Since you have chosen the right board and USB port you are prepared to transfer the Blink Sketch to the board.

You can either tap the Upload catch, which is the sixth catch from the left at the top with a bolt indicating the privilege (float your mouse pointer over the catches to perceive what they are) or by tapping on File in the scrape menu and looking down to Upload to I/O Board and tapping on that.

Assuming everything has been set up effectively you will now observe the RX and TX LEDʼs (and furthermore LED 13) on the Freeduino streak on and off rapidly as information is transferred to the board. You will see Uploading to I/O Board….

Once the information has been transferred to the board effectively you will complete an Uploading message in the IDE and the RX/TX LEDʼs will quit blazing.

The Arduino will now reset itself and instantly begin to run the Sketch that you have quite recently transferred.

Just underneath the code window as well.

The Blink outline is an extremely straightforward portray that flickers LED 13, which is a minor green LED fastened to the board and furthermore associated with Digital Pin 13 from the Microcontroller, and will make it streak on and off each 1000 milliseconds, or 1 second. In the event that your portray has transferred effectively, you will now observe this LED cheerfully blazing on and off gradually on your board.

Assuming this is the case, congrats, you have quite recently effectively introduced your Arduino, transferred and ran your first draw.

We will now clarify more about the Arduino IDE and how to utilize it before moving onto the activities that you can do utilizing the equipment provided with the pack. For our first venture we will complete this Blink LED outline once more, however this time utilizing a LED that we will physically interface with one of the advanced yield sticks on the Arduino. We will likewise clarify the equipment and programming required in this basic venture. In any case, to begin with, letʼs investigate the Arduino IDE.

3.2.5 The Arduino IDE

 

When you open up the Arduino IDE it will look in a general sense the same as the photo above. If you are using Windows or Linux there will be some slight complexities yet the IDE is fundamentally the same paying little mind to what OS you are using.

The IDE is part up into the Toolbar over the top, the code or Sketch Window in within and the Serial Output window at the base.

The Toolbar contains 7 gets, underneath the Toolbar is a tab, or set of tabs, with the filename of the code inside the tab. There is moreover one further catch on the far right hand side.

Along the top is the rub menu with drop down menus headed under File, Edit, Sketch, Tools and Help. The gets in the Toolbar give beneficial access to the most by and large used limits inside this record menu.

Compile Stop New Open Save Upload

Serial Monitor

Verify/Compile	Checks the code for errors
Stop	Stops the serial monitor, or un-highlights other buttons
New	Creates a new blank Sketch
Open	Shows a list of Sketches in your sketchbook
Save	Saves the current Sketch
Upload	Uploads the current Sketch to the Arduino
Serial Monitor	Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino

 

Table16: Serial monitor descriptions

The Verify/Compile catch is utilized to watch that your code is right, before you transfer it to your Arduino.

The Stop catch will prevent the Serial Monitor from working. It will likewise un-highlight other chose catches. While the Serial Monitor is working you may wish to press the Stop catch to acquire a preview of the serial information so far to look at it. This is especially valuable on the off chance that you are sending information out to the Serial Monitor speedier than you can read it.

The New catch will make a totally new and clear Sketch read for you to enter code into. The IDE will request that you enter a name and an area for your Sketch (attempt to utilize the default area if conceivable) and will then give you a clear Sketch prepared to be coded. The tab at the highest point of the Sketch will now contain the name you have given to your new outline.

The Open catch will give you a rundown of Sketches put away inside your sketchbook and additionally a rundown of Example representations you can experiment with different peripherals once associated.

The Save catch will spare the code inside the portray window to your outline record. Once entire you will complete a Saving message at the base of the code window.

The Upload to I/O Board catch will transfer the code inside the present outline window to your Arduino. You have to ensure that you have the right board and port chose (in the Tools menu) before transferring. It is basic that you Save your draw before you transfer it to your board in the event that a weird mistake makes your framework hang or the IDE to crash. It is likewise prudent to Verify/Compile the code before you transfer to guarantee there are no mistakes that should be fixed first.

The Serial Monitor is an exceptionally helpful device, particularly to debug your code. The screen shows serial information being conveyed from your Arduino (USB or Serial board). You can likewise send serial information back to the Arduino utilizing the Serial Monitor. On the off chance that you tap the Serial Monitor catch you will be given a picture like the one above.

On the left hand side you can choose the Baud Rate that the serial information is to be sent to/from the Arduino. The Baud Rate is the rate, every second, that characters (information) is sent to/from the board. The default setting is 9600 baud, which implies that if you somehow managed to send a content novel over the serial correspondences line (for this situation your USB link) then 9600 letters, or images, of the novel every second.

To one side of this is a clear content box for you to enter content to send back to the Arduino and a Send catch to send the content inside that field. Take note of that no serial information can be gotten by the Serial Monitor unless you have set up the code inside your portray to do as such. Also, the Arduino won’t get any information sent unless you have coded it to do as such.

At long last, the dark region is the place your serial information will be shown. In the picture over, the Arduino is running the ASCIITable outline that can be found in the Communications cases. This program yields ASCII characters, from the Arduino through serial (the USB link) to the PC where the Serial screen then shows them.

To begin the Serial Monitor press the Serial Monitor catch and to stop it press the Stop catch. On a Mac or in Linux, Arduino board will reset itself (rerun the code from the earliest starting point) when you tap the Serial Monitor catch.

When you are capable at conveying by means of serial to and from the Arduino you can utilize different projects, for example, Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, and so on. To convey between the Arduino and your PC.

We will make utilization of the Serial Monitor later on in our tasks when we read information from sensors and get the Arduino to send that information to the Serial Monitor, in intelligible shape, for us to see.

The Serial Monitor window is likewise were you will see mistake messages (in red content) that the IDE will show to you when attempting to interface with your board, transfer code or confirm code.

Underneath the Serial Monitor at the base left you will see a number. This is the present line that the cursor, inside the code window, is at. On the off chance that you have code in your window and you move down the lines of code (utilizing the ↓ key on your console) you will see the number increment as you move down the lines of code. This is helpful for discovering bugs highlighted by blunder messages.

Over the highest point of the IDE window (or over the highest point of your screen on the off chance that you are utilizing a Mac) you will see the different menus that you can tap on to get to more menu things.

The menu bar over the highest point of the IDE resembles the picture above (and marginally extraordinary in Windows and Linux). I will clarify the menus as they are on a Mac, the points of interest will likewise apply to the Windows and Linux adaptations of the IDE.

The primary menu is the Arduino menu. Inside this is the About Arduino choice, which when squeezed will demonstrate to you the present form number, a rundown of the general population required in making this astonishing gadget and some additional data.

Underneath that is the Preferences choice. This will raise the Preferences window where you can change different IDE alternatives, for example, were you default Sketchbook is put away, and so on.

Likewise, is the Quit alternative, which will Quit the program.

The following menu is the File menu. In here you access alternatives to make a New portray, investigate Sketches put away in your Sketchbook (and additionally the Example Sketches), choices to Save your Sketch (or Save As in the event that you need to give it an alternate name). You additionally have the alternative to transfer your outline to the I/O Board (Arduino) and in addition the Print choices for printing out your code. Next is the Edit menu. In here you inspire choices to empower you to Cut, Copy and Paste segments of code. Select the majority of your code and additionally Find certain words or expressions inside the code. Likewise included are the helpful Undo and Redo choices which prove to be useful when you commit an error.

Our next menu is the Sketch menu which gives us access to the Verify/Compile capacities and some other valuable capacities you will utilize later on. These incorporate the Import Library alternative, which when clicked will raise a rundown of the accessible libraries, put away with in your

The following menu in the IDE is the Tools menu. Inside this are the choices to choose the Board and Serial Port we are utilizing, as we did when setting up the Arduino surprisingly. Likewise we have the Auto Format work that configurations your code to make it look more pleasant

The Copy for Forum option will copy the code within the Sketch window, but in a format that when pasted into the Arduino forum (or most other Forums for that matter) will show up the same as it is in the IDE, along with syntax colouring, etc.

The Archive Sketch option will enable you to compress your sketch into a ZIP file and asks you were you want to store it.

CHAPTER – IV

PROGRAM

4.1 Program Installed on Arduino

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

char inchar;

int i=0;

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;

int pos = 0;

LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

myservo.attach(6);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“Electronic”);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“Protection box”);

Serial.print(” Lock opening ang closing of a box using RFID + GSM ”);

Serial.print(“Network search……. ”);

delay(3000); // give time for GSM module to register on network.

Serial.println(“AT+CMGF=1”); // set SMS mode to text

delay(200);

Serial.println(“AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0”); // set module to send SMS data to serial out upon receipt

delay(200);

Serial.println(“OK! Network Registered.”);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“Network OK!”);

delay(500);

}

void loop()

{

//***********************************************************

if(digitalRead(A0)==HIGH)

{

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“vibration detected!”);

Serial.println(“vibration detected”);

delay(1000);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGF=1”);

delay(500);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGS=”9618408160””);//Change the receiver phone number

delay(500);

Serial.print(“Vibrations Detected! Some one is trying to break your box ”);    //the message you want to send

delay(500);

Serial.write(26);

Serial.print(“SMS Sent…!”);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“SMS Sent!”);

delay(500);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“system ready”);

}

//***********************************************************

//———————————*** RFID CODE  ***—————–

if(Serial.available()>0)

{

inchar=Serial.read();

if(digitalRead(A1)==LOW)

{

if(digitalRead(A2)==HIGH)

{

if(digitalRead(A3)==LOW)

{

if(digitalRead(A4)==HIGH)

{

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“Pattern Correct!”);

Serial.println(“PATTERN CORRECT! AND ACCESS GRANTED”);

delay(500);

//******************************************************

if(i==0)

{

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’5′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’3′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’C’)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’2′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’7′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’1′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’F’)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’1′)

{

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“VALID CARD!”);

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“Access granted!”);

Serial.print(inchar);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

Serial.println(“ Now lock will be open…”);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGF=1”);

delay(500);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGS=”9618408160””);//Change the receiver phone number

delay(500);

Serial.print(“Security card matched: Lock Access Granted! Now your box is opening ”);    //the message you want to send

delay(500);

Serial.write(26);

Serial.print(“SMS Sent…!”);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“SMS Sent!      “);

//**********************************

for (pos = 90; pos >= 0; pos -= 1)

{

myservo.write(pos);

delay(15);

}

//**********************************

Serial.println(“your box is opened! and again show card for closing the box ”);

i=1;

delay(500);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“system ready”);

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

if(i==1)

{

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’5′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’3′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’C’)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’2′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’7′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’1′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’F’)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’1′)

{       lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“VALID CARD!         “);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“ACCESS GRANTED!    “);

Serial.print(inchar);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

Serial.println(“ Now lock will be close…”);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGF=1”);

delay(500);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGS=”9618408160””);//Change the receiver phone number

delay(500);

Serial.print(“Security card matched: Lock Access Granted! Now your box is closed ”);    //the message you want to send

delay(500);

Serial.write(26);

Serial.print(“SMS Sent…!”);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“SMS Sent!          “);

//***********************************

for (pos = 0; pos <= 90; pos += 1)

{

myservo.write(pos);

delay(15);

}

//**********************************

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“Thank Q fr using!”);

Serial.println(“thank Q for using! ”);

i=0;

delay(500);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“system ready”);

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

//******************************************************

}

}

}

}

//**************************************************************************

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’8′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’0′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’8′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’8′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’1′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’4′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’C’)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’8′)

{

Serial.print(inchar);

delay(10);

inchar=Serial.read();

if(inchar==’D’)

{      lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“INVALID CARD!      “);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“Access Deneid!    “);

Serial.print(inchar);

Serial.println(“ invalid access”);

Serial.println(“theft dectected ”);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGF=1”);

delay(500);

Serial.println(“AT+CMGS=”9618408160””);//Change the receiver phone number

delay(500);

Serial.print(“Security card mismatched: Lock Access denied! someone trying to access ur box with invalid card ”);    //the message you want to send

delay(500);

Serial.write(26);

Serial.print(“SMS Sent…!”);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(“SMS Sent!       “);

delay(500);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(“system ready”);

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

}

//———————————*** Code Section ends ***—————–

}

}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER – V

APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES

5.1 Applications

This project has the following applications

• Security in locker
• Companies
• Schools

5.5 Advantages

These are the following advantages

• Leakage of the Exam papers can be reduced

• Leaking of the secret information of the military can be defended.

CHAPTER – VI

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

7.1 Conclusions

A cost effective system is proposed here which uses RFID, GSM. University examination center sends the question papers to the corresponding examination centers of the college by password protected electronic security system. This box can be accessed by using the RFID tag card and correct pattern arrangement. university examination centre  monitors each activity involving opening and closing the box in real time.

7.2 References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(assessment)
2. Arm System-On-Chip Architecture, 2/E by Ferber, Pearson Education India, 01-Sep-2001
3. ARM System Developer’s Guide: Designing and Optimizing System, by Andrew Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright,Morgan Kaufmann, 10-May-2004
4. http://www.mikroe.com/downloads/get/1215/
5. http://www.inmotion.pt/store/rfid-module-sm130-mifare-(13.56-mhz)